Individual traits that reflect ingrained, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of behavior that cause discomfort and impair a persons ability to function.
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
The exact cause of personality disorders is not known, however, several theories attempt to explain the cause. Biologic theorists believe chromosomal or nervous system disorders are the cause. Social theorists believe learned behavior responses cause the disorders. Psychodynamic theorists use deficiencies in ego development to explain the causes. The disorders have only been recently categorized and include the following:
Paranoid personality disorderSchizoid personality disorderHistrionic personality disorderNarcissistic personality disorderAntisocial personality disorderBorderline personality disorderAvoidant personality disorderDependent personality disorderCompulsive personality disorderPassive-aggressive personality disorder They lack sufficient coping mechanisms to be adaptive and have difficulty dealing with everyday stresses and problems. These disorders are manifested by difficulties in interpersonal relationships with others.
Signs and tests
A personal history that shows maladaption and a psychological evaluation may indicate personality disorders of various types. Screening tests are available.
Treatment
People with these disorders usually do not seek treatment. Family and group therapy may be used in an outpatient setting.
Expectations (prognosis)
Prognosis is variable. Many personality disorders may diminish during middle age. Antisocial and borderline personality disorders have a poor prognosis (poor probable outcome) up until middle age. Mild schizoid and passive-aggressive have a better prognosis (better probable outcome) with treatment.
Calling your health care provider
Call for an appointment with your health care provider or mental health professional if you or someone close to you has symptoms of a personality disorder.